Which of the following is prohibited under fair use?

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Fair use hinges on four factors and is most likely to permit only small, transformative uses rather than copying an entire work. Copying a whole book is unlikely to be fair use because it reproduces the work in full, substitutes for the original, and can undermine the market for the book. It’s non-transformative and often exceeds what fair use allows, especially if there’s no clear critical, educational, or research context that changes the work’s purpose.

In contrast, copying a single quotation, a single chart, or a single article can be fair use when used for purposes like critique, analysis, teaching, or scholarship, provided the amount copied is appropriate, the use is transformative, the work is properly cited, and it doesn’t harm the market for the original. Since those options involve much smaller portions or clearly targeted uses, they align more closely with fair use under typical circumstances.

So, the restriction under fair use is most clearly evidenced by copying a single copy of a whole book.